Git Guide

It is recommended to install Relivator following the detailed instructions in the README.md to feel more confident as you begin learning Git.

It’s true—Git can be complex at first. Consider using resources like this guide, the Git Book, and GitHub Skills to deepen your understanding. The command git commit —help will direct you to information about the git commit command and its options, so this help command can be beneficial as well. The best way to get comfortable with Git is to use it regularly. Create a small project or use a large web project template like Relivator and experiment with different commands. If you’re ever unsure about something related to Git, refer to this detailed guide to learn more.

Git Initial Setup

By following the details in this guide, you will get a solid start with Git, set up your environment, and use some handy aliases to streamline your workflow. Happy gitting!

Essential Tools

Ensure you have Git installed. It’s also recommended to install: Node.js LTS (Windows/macOS | Linux). Then, run corepack enable pnpm to install pnpm. Additionally, we recommend installing VSCode and GitHub Desktop (Windows/macOS | Linux). If you’re a Windows user, also install PowerShell 7.4+.

Setting Up Your Identity

Before you start creating any commits in Git, you need to set your identity. This is important because your name and email will be added to every commit you make. Since this information is public, use something appropriate.

git config --global user.name "<YOUR_NAME>"
git config --global user.email "<YOUR_EMAIL_ADDRESS>"

Checking Your Settings

To see all your Git settings and ensure they are correct, run:

git config --global --list

Git References

Writing good commits is a valuable skill. To learn how to write effective commit messages, refer to the following resources:

Aliases

Git aliases are shortcuts for longer commands. They can save you a lot of typing and make your workflow more efficient.

Receiving Updates

This alias updates your local repository by pulling the latest changes, rebasing, and updating submodules.

# git down
git config --global alias.down '!git pull --rebase --autostash; git submodule update --init --recursive'

Sending Updates

This alias pushes your changes to the remote repository, including tags.

# git up
git config --global alias.up '!git push; git push --tags'

Undo Staging of One or More Files

Sometimes you stage files by mistake. This alias helps you unstage them.

# git unstage <FILES>
git config --global alias.unstage 'reset HEAD --'

Tagging Releases According to Semantic Versioning (SemVer)

Semantic Versioning is a way to tag your releases with meaningful version numbers. These aliases help automate the process.

# git release-major
git config --global alias.release-major '!latest=$(git describe --abbrev=0 --tags 2>/dev/null); latest=${latest:-v0.0.0}; set -- $(echo $latest | sed -e s/v// -e "s/\./ /g"); major=$1; minor=$2; patch=$3; major=$((major+1)); minor=0; patch=0; next=v$major.$minor.$patch; git tag -a $next -m ""; echo "Previous release:"; echo -n "  "; echo $latest; echo "New release:"; echo -n "  "; echo $next'

# git release-minor
git config --global alias.release-minor '!latest=$(git describe --abbrev=0 --tags 2>/dev/null); latest=${latest:-v0.0.0}; set -- $(echo $latest | sed -e s/v// -e "s/\./ /g"); major=$1; minor=$2; patch=$3; minor=$((minor+1)); patch=0; next=v$major.$minor.$patch; git tag -a $next -m ""; echo "Previous release:"; echo -n "  "; echo $latest; echo "New release:"; echo -n "  "; echo $next'

# git release-patch
git config --global alias.release-patch '!latest=$(git describe --abbrev=0 --tags 2>/dev/null); latest=${latest:-v0.0.0}; set -- $(echo $latest | sed -e s/v// -e "s/\./ /g"); major=$1; minor=$2; patch=$3; patch=$((patch+1)); next=v$major.$minor.$patch; git tag -a $next -m ""; echo "Previous release:"; echo -n "  "; echo $latest; echo "New release:"; echo -n "  "; echo $next'

Ignoring Redundant `git` Binary Names in Commands

You can avoid typing git git by setting up an alias:

# git git status, git git commit, etc.
git config --global alias.git '!cd "$GIT_PREFIX" && git'

Displaying Changelog Since Latest Tag

To see the changelog from the latest tag to your current commit, use this alias:

# git changelog
git config --global alias.changelog '!git log $(git describe --abbrev=0 --tags)..HEAD --no-merges --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit'

Detecting Remnants and Leftovers from Development

Find common leftover markers like TODOs or debug prints in your code:

# git leftover
git config --global alias.leftover '!git grep -P -i -I --untracked "((?<![a-zA-Z0-9])(TODO|FIXME|XXX|console\.log|System\.out|var_dump)(?![a-zA-Z0-9]))|([\t ]+$)"'

Recommendation

Using Your Favorite Editor for Git

You can set your favorite text editor to use with Git for writing commit messages, etc. For example, if you prefer gedit on Ubun tu:

git config --global core.editor "gedit --wait"

Handling Line Endings Correctly on Windows

Windows and Unix-based systems (like Linux and macOS) handle line endings differently. To avoid issues, configure Git to automatically handle this for you. This will convert line endings to the native Windows format (CRLF) on checkout and back to Unix format (LF) when you push changes.

git config --global core.autocrlf true

Remembering (Caching) Passwords for HTTPS

When you clone repositories over HTTPS, you need to enter a username and password each time, unlike SSH keys. To make Git remember your passwords and make your life easier, use the following commands based on your operating system:

# On Windows
git config --global credential.helper wincred

# On Ubun tu
sudo apt-get install libgnome-keyring-dev
cd /usr/share/doc/git/contrib/credential/gnome-keyring
sudo make
git config --global credential.helper /usr/share/doc/git/contrib/credential/gnome-keyring/git-credential-gnome-keyring

# On macOS
git config --global credential.helper osxkeychain

Usage

Update a Forked Repository (Sync with the Original)

Add the original repository as a remote (do this only once):
Terminal window
```
git remote add upstream <GIT_URL_OF_ORIGINAL_REPOSITORY>
```
Get updates from the original repository and push them to your fork:
Terminal window
```
git pull upstream <BRANCH_NAME>
git push origin
```

Reset a Repository to the Forked Repository’s State

Add the original repository as a remote (do this only once):
Terminal window
```
git remote add upstream <GIT_URL_OF_ORIGINAL_REPOSITORY>
```

Reset your repository’s state:

git remote update
git reset --hard upstream/<BRANCH_NAME>
git push origin +<BRANCH_NAME>

Show All Ignored Files for a Repository

To list all ignored files:

git clean -ndX
# or
git status --ignored

Get a List of All Remotes for a Repository

To see all remote repositories associated with your local repository:

git remote -v

Remove All Newly Ignored Files

When you’ve added a file to .gitignore that was previously in the repository, remove it from the repository:

git rm -r --cached .
git add .

Changing the URL of a Repository’s Remote

To change the remote URL:

git remote set-url <REMOTE_NAME> <NEW_REMOTE_URL>

Discard Unstaged Changes

To discard all unstaged changes:

git checkout -- .

To discard changes for a specific file or path:

git checkout -- "<PATH_TO_DISCARD_CHANGES_FOR>"

Undo a Commit That Has Already Been Published

Safe method:

git checkout HEAD~1 .
git commit -m "Undo some commit"
git push <REMOTE_NAME> <BRANCH_NAME>

Dangerous method:

git reset --hard HEAD~1
git push -f <REMOTE_NAME> <BRANCH_NAME>

Undo a Local Commit (Not Published Yet)

To keep the changes in your working copy:

git reset --soft HEAD~1

To discard the changes altogether:

git reset --hard HEAD~1

Show Changes Made to the Working Copy

To show unstaged changes only:

git diff

To show staged changes only:

git diff --staged

To show both unstaged and staged changes:

git diff HEAD

Delete a Branch

To delete a branch locally:

git branch -d <BRANCH_NAME>

To delete a branch on the remote:

git push <REMOTE_NAME> :<BRANCH_NAME>

Adding a Description to a Commit

To add a commit message with both a title and a description:

git commit -m "<TITLE>" -m "<DESCRIPTION>"

Remove All Untracked Files and Directories

To preview what will be deleted:

git clean -ndf

To actually delete the files:

git clean -df

Show the Log in a Short Version

To display the commit log in a condensed format:

git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit

Create a Branch

To create a new branch but stay on the current branch:

git branch <NEW_BRANCH_NAME>

To create and switch to a new branch:

git checkout -b <NEW_BRANCH_NAME>

Switch to Another Branch

To switch to another branch:

git checkout <OTHER_BRANCH_NAME>

Tagging Releases

You can mark specific points in your repository’s history by adding tags. Tags are commonly used for releases but can be used for other purposes as well.

To tag the current commit, use the following commands. Replace <TAG_NAME> with the unique name for the tag (e.g., v1.0.4 for versioning) and <DESCRIPTION> with a description of the changes (optional).

git tag -a "<TAG_NAME>" -m "<DESCRIPTION>"
git push <REMOTE_NAME> --tags

Importing Commits, Pull Requests, and Other Changes via Patch Files

Get the patch file for the commit, pull request, or change you want to import. For GitHub pull requests, you can get the patch file by appending .patch to the URL of the pull request:
Terminal window
```
curl -L https://github.com/<USER>/<REPO>/pull/<ID>.patch
```

Apply the patch file using git apply:

curl -L https://github.com/<USER>/<REPO>/pull/<ID>.patch | git apply

Optionally, make additional changes to the imported code.

Commit the changes, mentioning the original author of the patch:

git commit --author "<ORIGINAL_AUTHOR_NAME> <<ORIGINAL_AUTHOR_EMAIL>>" -m "<YOUR_COMMIT_MESSAGE>"

Copying a Branch

To create a local copy of an old branch under a new name and push it to the remote:

git checkout -b <NEW_BRANCH_NAME> <OLD_BRANCH_NAME>
git push -u <REMOTE_NAME> <NEW_BRANCH_NAME>

Moving a Branch

To rename a branch locally and on the remote:

git checkout -b <NEW_BRANCH_NAME> <OLD_BRANCH_NAME>
git push -u <REMOTE_NAME> <NEW_BRANCH_NAME>
git branch -d <OLD_BRANCH_NAME>
git push origin :<OLD_BRANCH_NAME>

Clearing a Branch and Resetting it to an Empty State

To create a new branch with no history and start fresh:

git checkout --orphan <NEW_BRANCH_NAME>
rm -rf ./*
# Add your new files
git add .
git commit -m "Initial commit"
git push -uf <REMOTE_NAME> <NEW_BRANCH_NAME>

Counting Commits on a Branch

To count the total number of commits on a branch:

git rev-list --count <BRANCH_NAME>
# Example: git rev-list --count main

To count commits per author:

git shortlog -s -n

Undoing Changes

Undo Git Reset

If you mistakenly ran git reset --hard HEAD^ and lost commits, use git reflog to find the commit and reset to it:

git reflog
git reset 'HEAD@{1}'

Undo Last Commit

To undo the last commit but keep the changes in your working directory:

git reset --soft HEAD~1

Finding Folder Size

To find the size of a folder:

du -hs

Clearing Git History

To remove files from history, use git filter-branch:

git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch <pathname>' <commitHASH>

Or use bfg:

Install bfg:
Terminal window
```
brew install bfg
```

Run bfg to clean commit history:

bfg --delete-files *.mp4
bfg --replace-text passwords.txt
bfg --delete-folders .git

Remove files:

git reflog expire --expire=now --all && git gc --prune=now --aggressive

To replace text, create a passwords.txt file with the following format:

PASSWORD1 # Replace literal string 'PASSWORD1' with '***REMOVED***' (default)
PASSWORD2==>examplePass         # Replace with 'examplePass' instead
PASSWORD3==>                    # Replace with the empty string
regex:password=\w+==>password=  # Replace using a regex

Squash Commits

To combine multiple commits into one:

git rebase -i HEAD~<n>
# or
git rebase -i <COMMIT_HASH>

Undo Your Changes

To discard all changes:

git reset
git checkout .
git clean -fdx

Remove `node_modules` if Accidentally Checked In

git rm -r --cached node_modules

Amend Your Commit Messages

To change the commit message of the most recent commit:

git commit --amend

Cherry-Picking

To apply a commit from another branch as a new commit:

git cherry-pick <YOUR_COMMIT_HASH>

Branch Management

Rename a Branch

To rename a branch, you can use the following commands:

# Rename the branch from old-name to new-name
git branch -m old-name new-name
# Or, if you are on the branch you want to rename
git branch -m new-name

# Delete the old branch on the remote and push the new branch
git push origin :old-name new-name

# Set the upstream branch for the new branch
git push origin -u new-name

Reset Local Repository Branch to Match Remote

To reset your local branch to match the remote repository’s main branch:

git fetch origin
git reset --hard origin/main
git clean -f # Clean local files

Delete All Merged Remote Branches

To delete all remote branches that have already been merged:

git branch -r --merged | grep -v main | sed 's/origin\///' | xargs -n 1 git push --delete origin

Reset to Origin

To reset your local branch to match the remote:

git fetch --all

# Option 1: Reset to main branch
git reset --hard origin/main

# Option 2: Reset to a specific branch
git reset --hard origin/<branch_name>

Get Latest Commit of Repository

To get the latest commit of the repository:

git log -1

Press Q to exit the log view.

Get Hash from Latest Commit

To get the full hash of the latest commit:

git log -1 --pretty=%H
# Output
706b92ba174729c6a1d761a8566a74f0a0bf8672

To get the abbreviated hash:

git log -1 --pretty=%h
# Output
706b92b

To store the hash in a variable:

echo $(git log -1 --pretty=%H)

Tagging for Docker Versioning

Tag the repository and perform a commit:

# Tag the repository
git tag -a v0.0.1 -m "version v0.0.1"

# Check the tag
git describe
# Output: v0.0.1

# Perform a commit
git commit -am 'chore: do something'

# Describe again
git describe
# Output: v0.0.1-1-g9ba5c76

Git Shortcuts

Set up aliases to simplify common Git commands:

alias gst='git status'
alias gcm='git commit -S -am'
alias gco='git checkout'
alias gl='git pull origin'
alias gpom="git pull origin main"
alias gp='git push origin'
alias gd='git diff | mate'
alias gb='git branch'
alias gba='git branch -a'
alias del='git branch -d'

Getting the GitHub Repository Name and Owner

To get the repository URL and name:

git config --get remote.origin.url
git ls-remote --get-url
git remote get-url origin
# Output: https://github.com/username/repository.git

basename $(git remote get-url origin) .git
# Output: repository

Delete Branch Locally

To delete a branch locally:

git push origin --delete <branch_name>

Clear Local Deleted Branches and Fetch All Other Branches

git remote update --prune

Remove All Local Branches Except the Current One

git branch | grep -v "main" | xargs git branch -D

Sort Branches by Last Commit Date

To list branches sorted by the last commit date:

git fetch --prune
git branch --sort=-committerdate

Commit Management

Git Commit Messages

feat: A new feature visible to end users.
fix: A bug fix visible to end users.
chore: Changes that don’t impact end users (e.g., changes to CI pipeline).
docs: Changes to documentation.
refactor: Changes to production code focused on readability, style, or performance.

List Branches that Have Been Merged

git branch --merged

List Branches that Have Not Been Merged

git branch --no-merged

Cleanup and Optimize Repository

To clean up unnecessary files and optimize the local repository:

# Cleanup unnecessary files
git gc

# Prune all unreachable objects from the object database
git prune

# Verify the connectivity and validity of objects in the database
git fsck

# Prune your remote working directory
git remote update --prune

Push Commits with Tags Automatically

git config --global push.followTags true

Restore a File to a Given Commit

To restore a specific file to its state at a given commit:

git restore -s <SHA1> -- <filename>

Useful Git Commands and Techniques

Download Just a Folder from GitHub with Subversion (SVN)

To download a specific folder from a GitHub repository using SVN:

# Replace tree/main with trunk in the URL
svn export https://github.com/alextanhongpin/pkg.git/trunk/authheader

To create an alias for downloading docker-compose templates:

alias init-db='svn export https://github.com/alextanhongpin/docker-samples/trunk/postgres/docker-compose.yml'

Pre-Commit Hooks

Ensure you have a changelog edited in your current branch. Use a pre-commit hook to enforce this:

#!/bin/bash

if [[ $(git diff develop -- CHANGELOG.md | wc -l) -eq 0 ]]; then
  echo "Don't forget to add CHANGELOG.md"
  exit 1
fi

Git Rebase Favor Current Branch

To favor the current branch during a rebase:

git rebase -X theirs ${branch}

More info on merge strategies for rebase

Git Post-Checkout Hook

To automate tasks after checking out a branch, use a post-checkout hook:

Create and set permissions for the hook:

touch .git/hooks/post-checkout
chmod u+x .git/hooks/post-checkout

Add the following script to .git/hooks/post-checkout:

#!/bin/bash

# Parameters
# $1: Ref of previous head
# $2: Ref of new head
# $3: Whether this is a file checkout (0) or branch checkout (1).

# This is a file checkout - do nothing
if [ "$3" == "0" ]; then exit; fi

BRANCH_NAME=$(git symbolic-ref --short -- HEAD)
NUM_CHECKOUTS=$(git reflog --date=local | grep -o ${BRANCH_NAME} | wc -l)

# If the refs of the previous and new heads are the same
# and the number of checkouts equals one, a new branch has been created
if [ "$1" == "$2" ] && [ ${NUM_CHECKOUTS} -eq 1 ]; then
  echo "new branch created"
else
  echo "switched branch to ${BRANCH_NAME}"
fi

Git Checkout a Single File from Main Commit

To revert a file to its state in the main branch:

git checkout $(git rev-parse main) -- path-to-file

Adding New Changes to the Latest Commit

To amend the latest commit with new changes:

git add --all
git commit --amend
# Note: You may need to force push if the commit has already been pushed
git push --force

Cleaning a Branch PR

If your branch is messy and you want to clean up the commits:

Create a new temporary branch:
Terminal window
```
git checkout -b feature/foo-tmp
```

Create a patch file of changes:

git diff origin/feature/foo origin/main > out.patch

Apply the patch to the temporary branch:
Terminal window
```
git apply out.patch
```
Clean up and rebase as needed, then delete the old branch:
Terminal window
```
git branch -D feature/foo
```
Rename the temporary branch to the original name:
Terminal window
```
git branch -m feature/foo
```
Force push the cleaned branch:
Terminal window
```
git push --force feature/foo
```

Better Push Force

Use git push --force-with-lease instead of git push --force for safer forced updates.

Learn more about force-with-lease

Git Fixup

To fix up a previous commit:

Create a fixup commit:
Terminal window
```
git commit --fixup <first-commit-hash>
```
Rebase to squash the fixup commit:
Terminal window
```
git rebase -i --autosquash --root
```

Resources

The Bottom Line

This guide covers various useful Git commands and techniques, inspired by various resources and composed by Reliverse, making it easier for both beginners and advanced users to manage and optimize their repositories.